Early Feedback, Agile Metrics, Flow, and Decision Radiators
Delivery questions test collecting early feedback, choosing useful metrics, measuring flow, and radiating decision-ready information.
How to study for PMI-ACP
Use the PMI-ACP ECO as the map: build agile mindset and leadership judgment, then practice product and delivery scenarios under full-exam pacing.
Core concepts
Concept 1
Select a metric for a named audience and decision, then define its population, cadence, and limitations.
Exam cue: Look for a small working increment and a focused feedback question rather than more status detail.
Concept 2
Lead time covers request to delivery; cycle time covers active workflow; throughput counts completed items per period.
Exam cue: Use trends, distributions, percentiles, and segmented outcomes instead of isolated averages.
Concept 3
WIP limits, cumulative flow, and Little's Law reveal how inventory, rate, and elapsed time interact.
Exam cue: Forecast with ranges from comparable history and disclose changes that weaken comparability.
Risk pitfalls and guardrails
Using velocity to compare teams or determine individual compensation.
Guardrail: Avoid command-and-control shortcuts, ceremony compliance without outcomes, unbounded WIP, late feedback, and choices that trade away quality, safety, privacy, or required governance.
Raising WIP limits whenever work blocks instead of addressing the constraint.
Guardrail: Avoid command-and-control shortcuts, ceremony compliance without outcomes, unbounded WIP, late feedback, and choices that trade away quality, safety, privacy, or required governance.
Displaying a metric with no decision, owner, definition, or action path.
Guardrail: Avoid command-and-control shortcuts, ceremony compliance without outcomes, unbounded WIP, late feedback, and choices that trade away quality, safety, privacy, or required governance.
Memory anchors
Early Feedback
Early feedback lets the team adapt before too much work is locked in.
Agile Metric
An agile metric should help a specific audience make a better decision.
Cycle Time
Cycle time measures how long an item takes from start to finish in the workflow.
Lead Time
Lead time measures elapsed time from request to delivery.
Throughput
Throughput counts how many items are completed in a time period.
WIP Limit
A WIP limit reduces multitasking and exposes flow problems.
Cumulative Flow
A cumulative flow diagram helps reveal bottlenecks and unstable flow.
Metric Radiator
A metric radiator shares relevant measures where the right people can see them.
Little's Law
In a stable system, average WIP equals throughput multiplied by average cycle time.
Class Of Service
A class of service defines explicit priority and handling rules for a type of demand.
Flow Percentile
A flow percentile shows the elapsed time within which a stated proportion of comparable items finished.
Leading And Lagging Measures
Leading measures offer earlier signals, while lagging measures show outcomes after effects occur.
Checkpoint rule
Do the check-up only after you can summarize each concept in one sentence and identify one dangerous pitfall from memory.
Knowledge Check (after reading)
Short check-up to confirm understanding of this module.
Check-up Questions
A team can deliver a complete reporting suite in four months or a useful weekly-summary slice in three weeks. What should it do?
A customer representative says a story's acceptance criteria miss a critical exception. Coding has not started. What should happen?
Answer all questions to submit.
Next step personalized recommendations
Continue learning
Move forward only after this module is stable.
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