Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis, acetyl coenzyme A, the citric acid cycle, electron transport, ATP synthase and fermentation.
How to study Higher Biology
Move from accurate biological mechanisms to unfamiliar data, experimental evidence and justified conclusions. Use current official materials for the written, extended-response and controlled-assignment formats that this question bank does not reproduce.
Core concepts
Concept 1
Track carbon, ATP and NADH through glycolysis, acetyl coenzyme A formation and the citric acid cycle.
Exam cue: Track carbon, ATP and NADH through glycolysis, acetyl coenzyme A formation and the citric acid cycle.
Concept 2
Explain chemiosmosis from electron transport and proton pumping to ATP synthase and oxygen reduction.
Exam cue: Explain chemiosmosis from electron transport and proton pumping to ATP synthase and oxygen reduction.
Concept 3
Compare aerobic respiration with lactate and ethanol fermentation.
Exam cue: Compare aerobic respiration with lactate and ethanol fermentation.
Risk pitfalls and guardrails
The citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, not the cytoplasm.
Guardrail: Check vocabulary, sequence, direction, compartment, units and whether the evidence supports causation or only an association.
Fermentation regenerates the oxidised coenzyme but yields far less ATP than aerobic respiration.
Guardrail: Check vocabulary, sequence, direction, compartment, units and whether the evidence supports causation or only an association.
Memory anchors
Respiration locations
Glycolysis: cytoplasm; cycle: matrix; ETC: inner membrane.
Final acceptor
Oxygen accepts electrons and hydrogen ions to form water.
Checkpoint rule
Do the check-up only after you can summarize each concept in one sentence and identify one dangerous pitfall from memory.
Knowledge Check (after reading)
Short check-up to confirm understanding of this module.
Check-up Questions
Where does glycolysis occur?
What is the end product of glycolysis named in the course?
Answer all questions to submit.
Next step personalized recommendations
Continue learning
Move forward only after this module is stable.
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