Data, Statistics and Probability
Data questions test visual displays, tables, graphs, mean, median, mode, range, probability, inference from data, and representation of quantitative information.
How to study for Praxis Core
Build every answer around evidence, clarity, standard written English, careful setup, units, and reasonableness checks.
Core concepts
Concept 1
Data interpretation begins by reading titles, axes, labels, units, scale, and legend.
Exam cue: Read the display before calculating.
Concept 2
Measures of center and spread describe different features of a data set.
Exam cue: Choose mean, median, mode, or range based on what the question asks.
Concept 3
Probability compares favorable outcomes to possible outcomes when outcomes are equally likely.
Exam cue: Use probability as favorable outcomes over total possible outcomes when appropriate.
Risk pitfalls and guardrails
Misreading graph scale or units.
Guardrail: Avoid answers that add outside knowledge, overstate claims, change sentence meaning, use weak evidence, mix units, or skip the exact task.
Using mean when the question asks for median or mode.
Guardrail: Avoid answers that add outside knowledge, overstate claims, change sentence meaning, use weak evidence, mix units, or skip the exact task.
Counting outcomes incorrectly in a probability question.
Guardrail: Avoid answers that add outside knowledge, overstate claims, change sentence meaning, use weak evidence, mix units, or skip the exact task.
Memory anchors
Graph Scale
Graph scale controls the value represented by each interval or mark.
Axis Label
Axis labels identify what the graph measures.
Mean
Mean is the arithmetic average of a data set.
Median
Median is the middle value after the data are ordered.
Mode
Mode is the value that appears most often.
Range
Range is the difference between the greatest and least values.
Probability
Probability is favorable outcomes divided by total possible outcomes.
Data Inference
A data inference must be supported by the display or table.
Outlier
An outlier is far from the rest of the data and can affect the mean.
Representation Fit
A table, bar graph, line graph, or circle graph should fit the data purpose.
Checkpoint rule
Do the check-up only after you can summarize each concept in one sentence and identify one dangerous pitfall from memory.
Knowledge Check (after reading)
Short check-up to confirm understanding of this module.
Check-up Questions
The five quiz scores are 72, 78, 81, 84, and 95. What is the mean score?
The data set is 4, 7, 7, 9, 13, 15, 18. What is the median?
Answer all questions to submit.
Next step personalized recommendations
Continue learning
Move forward only after this module is stable.
What is Pass Harbor?
Completely free exam prep for 317 U.S. exams.
- Practice questions
- Flashcards
- Study guides
- Mock exams
- No registration
- No paywall
- Start instantly
“No more expensive exam prep. Quality study tools should be accessible to everyone.”