8. Causation and Remedies in Tort
Factual and legal causation, intervening acts, remoteness, mitigation, damages and injunctions.
How to study the CPQ Foundation stage
Prepare each separately assessed component on its own terms, then connect law, regulation, client service and research across the full stage.
Core concepts
Concept 1
Factual causation ordinarily asks whether the harm would have occurred but for the breach.
Exam cue: Build the causal chain before calculating loss.
Concept 2
Scope, remoteness and intervening acts limit legally attributable loss.
Exam cue: Identify any intervening event and whether it breaks attribution.
Concept 3
Compensatory damages and equitable relief serve different purposes, subject to mitigation.
Exam cue: Match the remedy to proven loss or threatened interference.
Risk pitfalls and guardrails
Jumping from breach directly to damages.
Guardrail: Do not mix module boundaries, confuse marks with item counts, exceed professional authority or rely on an outdated or unverified legal source.
Treating all later events as breaking the chain.
Guardrail: Do not mix module boundaries, confuse marks with item counts, exceed professional authority or rely on an outdated or unverified legal source.
Awarding loss the claimant could reasonably have avoided.
Guardrail: Do not mix module boundaries, confuse marks with item counts, exceed professional authority or rely on an outdated or unverified legal source.
Memory anchors
Causation sequence
But-for cause, scope, remoteness and intervening acts.
Mitigation
A claimant must take reasonable steps to avoid avoidable loss.
Remedy fit
Damages compensate; injunctions restrain or require conduct.
Checkpoint rule
Do the check-up only after you can summarize each concept in one sentence and identify one dangerous pitfall from memory.
Knowledge Check (after reading)
Short check-up to confirm understanding of this module.
Check-up Questions
A defendant breaches duty, but the same loss would have occurred anyway. What is the ordinary result?
Which intervening act is most likely to break the chain?
Answer all questions to submit.
Next step personalized recommendations
Continue learning
Move forward only after this module is stable.
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